Software training Videos And Materials: 11/26/16

Saturday 26 November 2016

19 string functions in r Language

substr(,1,5)
nchar()
substr(,nchar()-8,nchar()
how to extract last 2 chars from vector
paste(a,b,sep='')
paste(a,b,"!",sep='')
paste(a,", ",b,"!",sep='')
paste(vector,", ",b,"!",sep='')
paste("x",1:10,sep=",")
grep("Ra",vector)
vector[grep("Ra",vector)]
grep("Ra",vector,value=TRUE)
grep("New",state.name,value=T)
strsplit(a,"   ")
sub("ram","nar",a)
gsub
----------

R version 3.3.2 (2016-10-31) -- "Sincere Pumpkin Patch"
Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)

R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.

R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.

Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.

[Workspace loaded from ~/.RData]

> vec <-c("ramesh","suresh","naresh","ganesh")
> v<-"hi how are you"
> V1<-"just"
> ?substr
> substr(v,1,5)
[1] "hi ho"
> substr(v,4,20)
[1] "how are you"
> substr(v,4,2)
[1] ""
> substr(v,4,9)
[1] "how ar"
> nchar(v)
[1] 14
> v
[1] "hi how are you"
> nchar(vec)
[1] 6 6 6 6
> vec
[1] "ramesh" "suresh" "naresh" "ganesh"
> v
[1] "hi how are you"
> substr(v,nchar(v)-3,nchar(v))
[1] " you"
> substr(v,nchar(v)-3,nchar(v))
[1] " you"
> substr(vec,1,2)
[1] "ra" "su" "na" "ga"
> paste(v,v1)
Error in paste(v, v1) : object 'v1' not found
> v1
Error: object 'v1' not found
> V1
[1] "just"
> paste(v,V1)
[1] "hi how are you just"
> paste(v,V1,sep=' / ')
[1] "hi how are you / just"
> paste(v,V1,"!",sep=' / ')
[1] "hi how are you / just / !"
> paste(v,V1,"Ram",sep=' / ')
[1] "hi how are you / just / Ram"
> paste(v,",",V1,"Ram",sep=' / ')
[1] "hi how are you / , / just / Ram"
>
> paste(V1,1:10)
[1] "just 1" "just 2" "just 3" "just 4"
[5] "just 5" "just 6" "just 7" "just 8"
[9] "just 9" "just 10"
> grep("ra",vec)
[1] 1
> grep("esh",vec)
[1] 1 2 3 4
> vesh
Error: object 'vesh' not found
> vec
[1] "ramesh" "suresh" "naresh" "ganesh"
> grep("a",vec)
[1] 1 3 4
> grep("a",vec,value=T)
[1] "ramesh" "naresh" "ganesh"
> state.name
[1] "Alabama"        "Alaska"
[3] "Arizona"        "Arkansas"
[5] "California"     "Colorado"
[7] "Connecticut"    "Delaware"
[9] "Florida"        "Georgia"
[11] "Hawaii"         "Idaho"
[13] "Illinois"       "Indiana"
[15] "Iowa"           "Kansas"
[17] "Kentucky"       "Louisiana"
[19] "Maine"          "Maryland"
[21] "Massachusetts" "Michigan"
[23] "Minnesota"      "Mississippi"
[25] "Missouri"       "Montana"
[27] "Nebraska"       "Nevada"
[29] "New Hampshire" "New Jersey"
[31] "New Mexico"     "New York"
[33] "North Carolina" "North Dakota"
[35] "Ohio"           "Oklahoma"
[37] "Oregon"         "Pennsylvania"
[39] "Rhode Island"   "South Carolina"
[41] "South Dakota"   "Tennessee"
[43] "Texas"          "Utah"
[45] "Vermont"        "Virginia"
[47] "Washington"     "West Virginia"
[49] "Wisconsin"      "Wyoming"
> grep("V",sate.name,value=T)
Error in grep("V", sate.name, value = T) : object 'sate.name' not found
> grep("V",state.name,value=T)
[1] "Vermont"       "Virginia"
[3] "West Virginia"
> strsplit(v,"/")
[[1]]
[1] "hi how are you"

> strsplit(v,"      ")
[[1]]
[1] "hi how are you"

> strsplit(V1,"      ")
[[1]]
[1] "just"

> strsplit(V1,"/")
[[1]]
[1] "just"

> sub("a","k",vec)
[1] "rkmesh" "suresh" "nkresh" "gknesh"
> sub("s","z",vec)
[1] "ramezh" "zuresh" "narezh" "ganezh"
> gsub("s","z",vec)
[1] "ramezh" "zurezh" "narezh" "ganezh"

18 random numbers Functions in R language

random numbers
runif(1,0,10)
x<-matrix(100,0,1),ncol=10)
---
set.seed(2)
sample(1:10,5)
sample(x,5)
sample(0:1,100)
sample(0:1,100,replace=T)
sum(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))

state.name
sample(state.name,10)
--
s<-sample(1:5,1000,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.2,.2,.2,.2))
9059868766
venkat
table(s)
---
rnom(1)
-------------

R version 3.3.2 (2016-10-31) -- "Sincere Pumpkin Patch"
Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)

R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.

R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.

Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.

[Workspace loaded from ~/.RData]

> runif(1,1,10)
[1] 8.438811
> runif(1,1,10)
[1] 9.455057
> a= runif(1,1,10)
> a
[1] 1.533825
> a
[1] 1.533825
> a
[1] 1.533825
> a
[1] 1.533825
> a= runif(1,1,10)
> a
[1] 9.062645
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 9.684915 7.945072 4.608548 8.766813
> runif(5,5,7)
[1] 6.302855 6.136968 6.119193 5.587079 6.033400
> an=matrix(runif(100,1,100),ncol=10)
> an
          [,1]     [,2]      [,3]     [,4]
[1,] 17.75432 64.42554 33.544375 15.82550
[2,] 85.59875 94.39768 63.713225 88.41076
[3,] 83.64417 18.05964 2.511536 70.60304
[4,] 78.92116 67.10841 64.811331 59.84145
[5,] 89.59182 25.41236 69.217753 32.94199
[6,] 97.07366 22.53897 77.627904 98.35555
[7,] 16.68177 47.42317 51.392915 65.47258
[8,] 38.17343 82.76507 60.983603 55.72940
[9,] 19.47498 29.37258 31.161065 84.21841
[10,] 31.23285 74.66430 83.368968 29.16913
           [,5]     [,6]     [,7]     [,8]
[1,] 86.260574 80.63066 30.94873 76.67941
[2,] 61.753046 96.18675 20.12761 31.23936
[3,] 21.795530 23.98979 33.31106 76.12806
[4,] 24.627176 94.27216 34.70041 25.61517
[5,] 7.915749 47.21915 37.51370 18.30664
[6,] 87.660562 28.54266 66.19067 86.56617
[7,] 8.286705 46.97633 11.86618 14.72213
[8,] 4.057239 41.99362 27.68719 37.26553
[9,] 30.313130 39.97871 61.40631 55.42384
[10,] 81.674761 13.22212 49.58386 76.71307
           [,9]    [,10]
[1,] 98.641094 44.12686
[2,] 45.728991 63.06460
[3,] 52.971145 43.99829
[4,] 59.973548 31.15030
[5,] 34.073597 39.13850
[6,] 1.354758 74.34744
[7,] 41.567044 14.93894
[8,] 56.111451 26.84879
[9,] 55.458226 24.62272
[10,] 48.216264 34.75815
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 3.045298 3.537711 1.005564 4.479743
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 1.405773 2.423582 9.293291 9.501379
> set.seed(1)
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 3.389578 4.349115 6.155680 9.173870
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 2.815137 9.085507 9.502077 6.947180
> set.seed(1)
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 3.389578 4.349115 6.155680 9.173870
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 2.815137 9.085507 9.502077 6.947180
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 6.662026 1.556076 2.853771 2.589011
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 7.183206 4.456933 7.928573 5.479293
> set.seed(2)
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 2.663940 7.321366 6.159937 2.512467
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 9.494554 9.491275 2.162431 8.501039
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 5.212167 5.949854 5.974067 3.150053
> set.seed(2)
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 2.663940 7.321366 6.159937 2.512467
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 9.494554 9.491275 2.162431 8.501039
> runif(4,1,10)
[1] 5.212167 5.949854 5.974067 3.150053
> sample(1:10,5)
[1] 8 2 4 6 7
> sample(1:60,5)
[1] 14 27 5 38 22
> sample(1:60,20)
[1] 51 9 21 28 59 20 52 8 1 56 41 43 25 30 39
[16] 13 47 7 42 45
> sample(1:60,5)
[1] 7 10 55 46 58
> x<-1:60
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
[16] 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
[31] 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
[46] 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
> sample(x,5)
[1] 21 30 48 1 57
> sample(0:1,5)
Error in sample.int(length(x), size, replace, prob) :
cannot take a sample larger than the population when 'replace = FALSE'
> sample(0:2,5)
Error in sample.int(length(x), size, replace, prob) :
cannot take a sample larger than the population when 'replace = FALSE'
> sample(0:2,5,replace=T)
[1] 2 2 0 2 2
> sample(0:2,5,replace=T)
[1] 2 1 2 2 2
> sample(0:2,5,replace=F)
Error in sample.int(length(x), size, replace, prob) :
cannot take a sample larger than the population when 'replace = FALSE'
> sample(0:1,100,replace=T)
[1] 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
[23] 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
[45] 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
[67] 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
[89] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
> sum(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))
[1] 48
> table(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))

0 1
51 49
> table(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))

0 1
45 55
> table(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))

0 1
47 53
> table(sample(0:1,100,replace=T))

0 1
49 51
> state.name
[1] "Alabama"        "Alaska"
[3] "Arizona"        "Arkansas"
[5] "California"     "Colorado"
[7] "Connecticut"    "Delaware"
[9] "Florida"        "Georgia"
[11] "Hawaii"         "Idaho"
[13] "Illinois"       "Indiana"
[15] "Iowa"           "Kansas"
[17] "Kentucky"       "Louisiana"
[19] "Maine"          "Maryland"
[21] "Massachusetts" "Michigan"
[23] "Minnesota"      "Mississippi"
[25] "Missouri"       "Montana"
[27] "Nebraska"       "Nevada"
[29] "New Hampshire" "New Jersey"
[31] "New Mexico"     "New York"
[33] "North Carolina" "North Dakota"
[35] "Ohio"           "Oklahoma"
[37] "Oregon"         "Pennsylvania"
[39] "Rhode Island"   "South Carolina"
[41] "South Dakota"   "Tennessee"
[43] "Texas"          "Utah"
[45] "Vermont"        "Virginia"
[47] "Washington"     "West Virginia"
[49] "Wisconsin"      "Wyoming"
> sample(state.name,5)
[1] "Mississippi"   "Virginia"
[3] "Massachusetts" "Alaska"
[5] "Oklahoma"
> sample(0:1,100,replace=T)
[1] 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
[23] 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
[45] 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
[67] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
[89] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
> sample(0:5,100,replace=T)
[1] 2 5 3 0 1 3 2 2 0 5 4 4 2 3 2 5 3 5 0 4 0 2
[23] 1 3 4 0 0 5 1 3 4 4 4 2 3 0 1 0 5 1 3 4 1 2
[45] 2 1 5 0 2 5 3 3 5 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 5
[67] 3 0 3 5 5 3 3 4 3 0 0 5 5 4 0 5 2 4 0 4 0 4
[89] 1 0 5 3 2 0 2 2 5 0 5 5
> table(sample(0:5,100,replace=T))

0 1 2 3 4 5
19 16 17 21 10 17
> sample(0:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.2,.2,.2,.2))
Error in sample.int(length(x), size, replace, prob) :
incorrect number of probabilities
> sample(1:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.2,.2,.2,.2))
[1] 1 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 5 2 1 2 5 1 2 4 4 1 4 2 5 5
[23] 4 4 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 2 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 3 1
[45] 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 3 2 5 1 3 5 1 5 3 1
[67] 1 5 5 4 2 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 4 1 5 3 1 5 4
[89] 2 1 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 1
> a=sample(1:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.2,.2,.2,.2))
> table(a)
a
1 2 3 4 5
31 17 22 15 15
> table(a)
a
1 2 3 4 5
31 17 22 15 15
> a=sample(1:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.2,.2,.2,.2))
> a
[1] 2 4 2 3 5 2 5 3 3 4 3 1 4 3 2 5 4 2 1 4 1 4
[23] 1 2 3 5 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 2 4 3 5 1 3 1
[45] 1 4 1 1 1 5 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 1
[67] 2 2 1 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 5 4 1 4 3 1 2 5 1 3 2 2
[89] 5 1 5 2 1 4 1 5 2 2 1 1
> table(a)
a
1 2 3 4 5
22 21 16 21 20
> a=sample(1:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.6,.1,.1,.1,.1))
> a
[1] 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[23] 1 4 3 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1
[45] 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 4 1 1 5 1 1 2 4
[67] 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[89] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
> table(a)
a
1 2 3 4 5
69 12 8 4 7
> a=sample(1:5,100,replace=T,prob=c(.2,.4,.1,.1,.1))
> table(a)
a
1 2 3 4 5
23 41 7 15 14

17 matrics statistics functions In R language

matrics statistics
min()
max()
range()
sd()
rowMeans()
colMeans()
apply(,2,FUN=sd)
cor()
table()
summary()
summary(t())
-----------------
> View(newdata)
> View(temp1)
> temp1
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi
Nov/12        88        62    90
Nov/13        85        61    92
Nov/14        83        54    91
Nov/15        81        60    89
Nov/16        78        65    90
> temp2
       Chennai Pune Bengalore
Nov/12      99   62        90
Nov/13      85   61        92
Nov/14      83   54        71
Nov/15      81   60        89
Nov/16      66   88        90
> ftemp
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/12        88        62    90      99   62
Nov/13        85        61    92      85   61
Nov/14        83        54    91      83   54
Nov/15        81        60    89      81   60
Nov/16        78        65    90      66   88
Nov/17        98        78    66      55   99
       Bengalore
Nov/12        90
Nov/13        92
Nov/14        71
Nov/15        89
Nov/16        90
Nov/17        66
> View(ftemp)
> min(ftemp)
[1] 54
> max(ftemp)
[1] 99
> range(ftemp)
[1] 54 99
> range(ftemp)[1]
[1] 54
> range(ftemp)[2]
[1] 99
> sd(ftemp)
[1] 14.23778
> rowMeans(ftemp)
Nov/12   Nov/13   Nov/14   Nov/15   Nov/16
81.83333 79.33333 72.66667 76.66667 79.50000
Nov/17
77.00000
> colMeans(ftemp)
vijayawad hyderabad     delhi   Chennai
85.50000 63.33333 86.33333 78.16667
     Pune Bengalore
70.66667 83.00000
> sd(ftemp)
[1] 14.23778
> apply(ftemp,2,sd)
vijayawad hyderabad     delhi   Chennai
7.007139 8.041559 10.013324 15.471479
     Pune Bengalore
18.239152 11.384200
> apply(ftemp,1,sd)
Nov/12   Nov/13   Nov/14   Nov/15   Nov/16
15.82930 14.54189 15.80717 13.39652 11.72604
Nov/17
18.17691
> cor(ftemp)
           vijayawad hyderabad      delhi
vijayawad 1.0000000 0.7347158 -0.8522797
hyderabad 0.7347158 1.0000000 -0.9007808
delhi     -0.8522797 -0.9007808 1.0000000
Chennai   -0.3219236 -0.7367826 0.7380108
Pune       0.4647732 0.9131535 -0.7723986
Bengalore -0.6242896 -0.3845032 0.7158291
             Chennai       Pune Bengalore
vijayawad -0.3219236 0.4647732 -0.6242896
hyderabad -0.7367826 0.9131535 -0.3845032
delhi      0.7380108 -0.7723986 0.7158291
Chennai    1.0000000 -0.8679834 0.5393731
Pune      -0.8679834 1.0000000 -0.3583157
Bengalore 0.5393731 -0.3583157 1.0000000
> table(ftemp)
ftemp
54 55 60 61 62 65 66 71 78 81 83 85 88 89 90 91
2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1
92 98 99
2 1 2
> summary(ftemp)
   vijayawad       hyderabad         delhi
Min.   :78.00   Min.   :54.00   Min.   :66.00
1st Qu.:81.50   1st Qu.:60.25   1st Qu.:89.25
Median :84.00   Median :61.50   Median :90.00
Mean   :85.50   Mean   :63.33   Mean   :86.33
3rd Qu.:87.25   3rd Qu.:64.25   3rd Qu.:90.75
Max.   :98.00   Max.   :78.00   Max.   :92.00
    Chennai           Pune         Bengalore
Min.   :55.00   Min.   :54.00   Min.   :66.0
1st Qu.:69.75   1st Qu.:60.25   1st Qu.:75.5
Median :82.00   Median :61.50   Median :89.5
Mean   :78.17   Mean   :70.67   Mean   :83.0
3rd Qu.:84.50   3rd Qu.:81.50   3rd Qu.:90.0
Max.   :99.00   Max.   :99.00   Max.   :92.0
> summary(t(ftemp)
+ )
     Nov/12          Nov/13          Nov/14
Min.   :62.00   Min.   :61.00   Min.   :54.00
1st Qu.:68.50   1st Qu.:67.00   1st Qu.:58.25
Median :89.00   Median :85.00   Median :77.00
Mean   :81.83   Mean   :79.33   Mean   :72.67
3rd Qu.:90.00   3rd Qu.:90.25   3rd Qu.:83.00
Max.   :99.00   Max.   :92.00   Max.   :91.00
     Nov/15          Nov/16         Nov/17
Min.   :60.00   Min.   :65.0   Min.   :55
1st Qu.:65.25   1st Qu.:69.0   1st Qu.:66
Median :81.00   Median :83.0   Median :72
Mean   :76.67   Mean   :79.5   Mean   :77
3rd Qu.:87.00   3rd Qu.:89.5   3rd Qu.:93
Max.   :89.00   Max.   :90.0   Max.   :99
>

16 rbind function in matrix R language

15 cbind function in matrix R language

matrix operations

ram<-matrix(c(88,85,83,81,78,62,61,54,60,65,90,92,91,89,90),ncol=3)
colnames(ram)<-c("vijayawad","hyderabad","delhi")
rownames(ram)<-paste("11/",12:16,sep='')

c
rbind()

ndata<-matrix(c(98,78,66,55,99,66),nrow=1)
rownames(ndata)<-"11/17"
colnames(ndata)<-c(colnames(tem1),colnames(temp2))
rbind<-(cbind(temp1,temp2),ndata)

R version 3.3.2 (2016-10-31) -- "Sincere Pumpkin Patch"
Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)

R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.

R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.

Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.

> temp2
Error: object 'temp2' not found
> temp2<-matrix(c(99,85,83,81,66,62,61,54,60,88,90,92,71,89,90),ncol=3)
> rownames(temp2)<-paste("Nov/",12:16,sep='')
> colnames(temp2)<-c("Chennai","Pune","Bengalore")
> temp1<-matrix(c(88,85,83,81,78,62,61,54,60,65,90,92,91,89,90),ncol=3)
> colnames(temp1)<-c("vijayawad","hyderabad","delhi")
> rownames(temp1)<-paste("Nov/",12:16,sep='')
> temp2
       Chennai Pune Bengalore
Nov/12      99   62        90
Nov/13      85   61        92
Nov/14      83   54        71
Nov/15      81   60        89
Nov/16      66   88        90
> temp1
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi
Nov/12        88        62    90
Nov/13        85        61    92
Nov/14        83        54    91
Nov/15        81        60    89
Nov/16        78        65    90
> cbind(temp1,temp2)
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/12        88        62    90      99   62
Nov/13        85        61    92      85   61
Nov/14        83        54    91      83   54
Nov/15        81        60    89      81   60
Nov/16        78        65    90      66   88
       Bengalore
Nov/12        90
Nov/13        92
Nov/14        71
Nov/15        89
Nov/16        90
> temp12<-cbind(temp1,temp2)
> temp12
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/12        88        62    90      99   62
Nov/13        85        61    92      85   61
Nov/14        83        54    91      83   54
Nov/15        81        60    89      81   60
Nov/16        78        65    90      66   88
       Bengalore
Nov/12        90
Nov/13        92
Nov/14        71
Nov/15        89
Nov/16        90
> newdata<-matrix(c(98,78,66,55,99,66),nrow=1)
> newdata
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,]   98   78   66   55   99   66
> rnames(newdats)<-"Nov/17"
Error in rnames(newdats) <- "Nov/17" : object 'newdats' not found
> rnames(newdata)<-"Nov/17"
Error in rnames(newdata) <- "Nov/17" : could not find function "rnames<-"
> rname(newdata)<-"Nov/17"
Error in rname(newdata) <- "Nov/17" : could not find function "rname<-"
> rownames(newdata)<-"Nov/17"
> newdata
       [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
Nov/17   98   78   66   55   99   66
> colnames(newdata)<-c(colnames(temp12))
> newdata
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/17        98        78    66      55   99
       Bengalore
Nov/17        66
> rbind(temp12,newdata)
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/12        88        62    90      99   62
Nov/13        85        61    92      85   61
Nov/14        83        54    91      83   54
Nov/15        81        60    89      81   60
Nov/16        78        65    90      66   88
Nov/17        98        78    66      55   99
       Bengalore
Nov/12        90
Nov/13        92
Nov/14        71
Nov/15        89
Nov/16        90
Nov/17        66
> ftemp<-rbind(temp12,newdata)
> ftemp
       vijayawad hyderabad delhi Chennai Pune
Nov/12        88        62    90      99   62
Nov/13        85        61    92      85   61
Nov/14        83        54    91      83   54
Nov/15        81        60    89      81   60
Nov/16        78        65    90      66   88
Nov/17        98        78    66      55   99
       Bengalore
Nov/12        90
Nov/13        92
Nov/14        71
Nov/15        89
Nov/16        90
Nov/17        66
> c(ftemp)
[1] 88 85 83 81 78 98 62 61 54 60 65 78 90 92 91
[16] 89 90 66 99 85 83 81 66 55 62 61 54 60 88 99
[31] 90 92 71 89 90 66
> length(ftemp)
[1] 36
>

14 Matrix functions in r languge

a

matrix(c(7,89,9,9,4,2),nrow=2,ncol=3)

t(a)

v<-1:5
dim(v)

dim(t(v))

a[1,3]
a[,2]
a[1,]
----------
a<-matrix(seq(1,21,1),nrow=7)

a[c(2,5),]
---
diag(5)
---
a*2
-
a**2
a+b
---
dim(b)[1]
--nrow(b)
ncol(b)
---
all(a==B)
--

B[4,1] <-100
----
a==b

13 statistical functions In R Language

statistical functions

sum()
length()
min
max
min(a,b)
range()
range()[1]
range()[2]
Mean

It is calculated by taking the sum of the values and dividing with the number of values in a data series.

mean()
median()
The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.
mad()
In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data. It can also refer to the population parameter that is estimated by the MAD calculated from a sample.
var()
Variance

The variance is a numerical measure of how the data values is dispersed around the mean. In particular, the sample variance is defined as:
sd()
In statistics, the standard deviation (SD, also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.[
corelation
a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
cor(,)
covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together.
cov()
--------
table()
table() function uses the cross-classifying factors to build a contingency table of the counts at each combination of factor levels.

12 seq rep and all functions in r language

R seq Function

seq() function generates a sequence of numbers.

seq(from = 1, to = 1, by = ((to - from)/(length.out - 1)),
length.out = NULL, along.with = NULL, ...)

• from, to: begin and end number of the sequence
• by: step, increment (Default is 1)
• length.out: length of the sequence

seq(from=:,to,by)

seq(5)
1:5
seq(5)==1:5
all(seq(5)==1:5 )
!all(seq(5)==1:5 )
rep(1,5)
rep("a",50)

what is r language

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis. Polls, surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that R's popularity has increased substantially in recent years.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)